The Bioethics Of Prolonging Life Of The Terminally Ill

The Bioethics of Prolonging Life of the Terminal Ill Prolonging life of the terminally ill is a bioethical decision. Bioethics is the study of controversial ethical issues that have come about due to advances in biology, medicine, and technology. Some think it is a simple decision on whether to let the pacemaker run or turn off, while others agree that it is a much harder decision than that. The decision of prolonging life comes with medical, moral, financial and legal obstacles (Butler 2013). Making health decisions is a big part of one’s life. These decisions can affect the happiness and well being of a person. Along with these many difficult decisions come challenges and obstacles. The first major challenge when deciding whether to prolong life is the question of will this help or cure the illness? Sometimes continuing life this way will only make suffering longer. In some cases, it is not as good as it sounds because of the side effects that come along with this decision. One side effect is that prolonging life can disrupt a person s quality of life. Christiaan Barnard says that, â€Å" I have learned from my life in medicine that death is not always an enemy. Often it is a medical treatment. Often it achieves what medicine cannot achieve-it stops suffering† (Jones p.1). Although, there are cons to prolonging life there are also pros. When a patient is having their life prolonged, their health might end up returning to its normal state or an even better state.Show MoreRelatedProlonging Life Of The Terminally Ill1261 Words   |  6 PagesProlonging life of the terminally ill is a bioethical decision. Bioethics is the study of controversial ethic al issues that have come about due to advances in biology, medicine, and technology. Some think it is a simple decision on whether to let the pacemaker run or turn off, while others agree that it is a much harder decision than that. The decision of prolonging life comes with medical, moral, financial and legal obstacles (Butler 2013). Making health decisions is a big part of one’s lifeRead MoreEssay about Pro Legalization of Euthanasia1915 Words   |  8 Pagesbrainwaves showing, fed by a machine, â€Å"breathing† with the help of a machine and not let them be liberated from their pain? Prolonging one’s suffering when an easier, more painless way out is possible is not â€Å"the right thing to do†. Giving the person the choice of release is. Euthanasia is. What is euthanasia? The basic definition of euthanasia is the practice of ending a life so as to release an individual from a painful, incurable disease or intolerable suffering. There are said to be two typesRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Carried Out On Sick Patients3828 Words   |  16 Pageswether life supporting equipments should be withdrawn for such patients has continued to elicit debate. There are those who believe that all measures should be taken to ensure patients have been alleviated from pain. Proponents of euthanasia argue that patients in pain should not be left to continue suffering, and that doctors have a role to ensure they do everything possible to terminate the suffering. On a similar platform, proponents of euthanasia also believe that treatment to sustain life can alsoRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide910 Words   |  4 Pagesgets across is whether or not medical advances have benefited civilization by prolonging their life expectan cy, or has caused individuals to be forced to live longer than necessary or comfortable. It questions the way criminal laws and moral views prevent someone in an unreliable condition to have a dignified death. The author, Professor Hazel Biggs, is head of the Law School and Professor of Healthcare Law and Bioethics and co-director of HEAL (the Centre for Health Ethnics and Law) at the UniversityRead MoreEssay on Death with Dignity2557 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Autonomy is a fundamental right. Liberty interests of patients while coping with terminal illness, however, unlike autonomy, are protected under the Constitution as fundamental rights. Advancements in medicine are extending the average life expectancy for adults. The aging of the baby boomer generation is also contributing to the increase in the growing number of the elder population. As society ages, not only do individuals battle terminal illness, but they combat the unanticipated demandsRead More Argument in Favor of Euthanasia Essay2098 Words   |  9 Pagesthe morality and legality of voluntary euthanasia has been a phenomenon since the second half of the 20th century. The ancient Greeks and Romans did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or when a person no longer cared for their life (Young). In the 4th century BC, the Hippocratic Oath was written by Hippocrates, the fa ther of medicine. One part of the Oath states, â€Å"I will not give a lethal drugRead MoreThe Controversy of Physician-Assisted Suicide2574 Words   |  10 PagesMoreover, when a person has been diagnosed as terminally ill and has reached a point in his or her life where the pain needs to be continually drowned in morphine and there is a vacuum in terms of ones sense of self, who is to say that person does not have a right to take steps necessary to end life? Therein lies the root of the controversy: modern medicine has invented countless remedies for disease and doctors and nurses take oaths to sustain life, but when individuals are in dire physical straitsRead MoreEuthanasi A Debate Of Morals, Ethics And The Value Of Human Life2388 Words   |  10 Pagesmorals, ethics and the value of human life. Those against euthanasia focus on the word killing, but it is the person doing it to themselves and not someone else especially someone out of vengeance or criminal act. For some it is even a religious stance and say it is God’s will and only he shall decide when someone dies. More importantly those against it fail to see it is about an individual who is terminally ill should have the right to end their own life. Those against euthanasia argue that legalizingRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Physician Assisted Suicide2729 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is bioethics? According to Michigan State University, School of Medicine, it is defined as an activity that is shared, reflective, examination of ethical issues in healthcare, health science and health policy. It is the discussion of the information that should be given to the patient and the patients right to refuse or accept that information. It involves doctors and patients but scientists and politicians and the general public. It has brought significant change but also raises new questionsRead More Medicine, Metaphysics and Morals Essays2986 Words   |  12 PagesMoral decisions concerning what ought to be done always assume metaphysical presuppositions concerning the way the world is. In the field of biomedical ethics, some of the metaphysical presuppositions underlying many current discussions of issues of life and death seem particularly implausible. These include our assumption of the reality of social atomism and our beliefs relating to the possibility of autonomy. Given the implausibility of these two assumptions, many discussions have focused our attention

How Narrative Techniques Are Employed Within Jane Eyre

Discuss how Charlotte Bronte employs narrative techniques in the novel Jane Eyre Throughout Jane Eyre, Bronte incorporates narrative techniques to emphasise certain points and to keep the reader’s attention. In the first few chapters of the novel we are introduced into the world she is surrounded by, with the use of very descriptive imagery, with a gothic element also incorporated for the audience to obtain a grasp of Jane’s situation. As the nature of the book develops and unravels, frequently used devices such as the incorporation of a gothic element is seen throughout many of the main chapters. For example, the lead up before the fire scene is build up through the eerie laughs made by Bertha, although at the time we do not know this.†¦show more content†¦In her visit to Jane’s room, Jane is revisited by the greatest terror, only equal to that of the red room as it is the only other time Jane has passed out. The enactment of Jane trying on the veil and gazing into the mirror, is later re-enacted by Jane the morning of the wedding ( page 252). When Jane looks in the mirror she only sees ‘a robed and veiled figure...the image of a stranger.’ This is a typical example of Gothic imagery employed throughout the narrative. The narrative technique used for first person point of view is a constant point of view that creates a more consistent work, as it also tends to give more credibility or authority to the narrative, since the person telling the story (Jane) observed or was involved in all the incidents. ‘Reader, I married him’, is an example of how the first person point of view creates the sense of involvement between the narrator and the reader or the observer, as well as ‘I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live’. This last quotation demonstrates the negative aspect to the first person narration, as it only presents a one-sided view on every situation and incident to occur in the novel. It is also limited to what the narrator saw or had heard as well as the interpretation of the remaining characters within the novel. Although the audience may feel very involved with the narrator’s experiences within the novel, the act ion isShow MoreRelatedVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesthrough an important era in English literary history and introduce with the voices that influenced its shape and development. It was the novel that was the leading form of literature in the 19th century England. The term ‘novel’ itself was a simple narrative form, which in opposition to its forerunner, the ‘romance’ focused on the affairs of everyday life such as scientific discovery, religious debate, politics or colonial settlement. Though there are many arguments among critics which dates frame theRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages2010-2011) A statement of purpose focuses on your academic interests and accomplishments, though you may use ―Iâ€â€" and include a personal anecdote or two, while a personal statement includes more autobiographical material and may be written as a personal narrative. A quality statement of purpose will distinguish you from the other 150 to 400 applicants competing for the 10 to 20 spots in an average- to large-sized graduate program (―Preparing Your Statement of Purpose Personal Statementâ€â€"). You can achieveRead MoreLeadership Development42674 Words   |  171 Pages........................45 4.4.3 Impact on individual performance at work.............................................................46 4.4.4 Impact on organisational and national performance...............................................48 5: How can Management and Leadership Development Work? .................49 Overview .............................................................................................................................49 5.1 Effect of learning environment and challenges

THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING Free Essays

General Goal: To depict how the conformity and opposition of the respiratory system influence take a breathing under normal conditions and how they may be altered by disease. Specific Aims: The pupil should be able to: define transpulmonary force per unit area, transthoracic force per unit area, and transmural respiratory system force per unit area and discourse how they relate to lung and chest wall kick force per unit area. describe 2 alone surface tenseness belongingss of wetting agent, depict how these belongingss affect lung conformity, and depict the physiological effects of unnatural surfactant production in IRDS. We will write a custom essay sample on THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING or any similar topic only for you Order Now define â€Å" dependent lung † , discuss the mechanism underlying distribution of regional airing in assorted organic structure places. province whether the lung and chest wall will flinch inward or spring outward at RV, FRC, chest wall unstressed volume ( Vo ) and above 65 % TLC and to place the volume at which lung and thorax wall forces balance. list 2 major factors which will diminish airway quality and increase airway opposition. describe why flow is â€Å" attempt independent † during termination but non inspiration, and discourse the mechanism responsible for greater flow restriction at low lung volumes or in the presence of emphysema. Resources Reading: West, JB. Respiratory Physiology-The Essentials ( 4th Ed. ) , Chapter 7. Taylor, AE, K Rehder, RE Hyatt, JC Parker. Clinical Respiratory Physiology, Chapter 2, 6 and 7. Saunders, 1989. NORMAL BREATHING Inspiration is usually active. Termination is usually inactive. Muscles of respiration Inspiratory musculuss Diaphragm. Principle musculus of inspiration. External intercostals. Lift ribs during inspiration. Accessary musculuss. Include sternomastoids, scalene musculuss, and alae nasi. Expiratory musculuss Abdominal musculuss. Principle musculuss of termination. Internal intercostals. Pull ribs downward and inward. Pressures involved in respiration. Pbs = force per unit area at organic structure surface ( normally atmospheric ) PM = oral cavity force per unit area ( normally atmospheric ) PPl = intrapleural force per unit area PALV = alveolar force per unit area Figure 1 Airway force per unit area gradient PM – PALV. This is the force per unit area gradient driving air flow into the lungs. Transpulmonary force per unit area PTP = PALV – PPl. This transmural force per unit area across the lungs. Equal to ( i.e. balances ) elastic kick of lungs when there is no air flow. Additions and lessenings with lung volume. Transchest wall force per unit area PTC = PPl – Pbs. The transmural force per unit area across the thorax. Equal in magnitude to ( i.e. balances ) elastic kick of the chest when there ‘s no air flow. Additions and lessenings with chest volume. Transmural respiratory system force per unit area PRS = PALV – Pbs. The transmural force per unit area across the full respiratory system ( lungs + thorax ) . This is equal to the net inactive elastic kick force per unit area of the whole respiratory system when air flow is zero. Balance of forces Praseodymium + PMUS = PL + PCW PALV-Pbs + PMUS = PL + PCW inspiratory musculus contraction Lung elastic kick Chest wall elastic kick Outward Acting forces Inward playing forces when positive when positive Three ways to blow up the lungs Increase alveolar force per unit area. Done when utilizing external positive force per unit area inhalators. Decrease organic structure surface force per unit area. Done when utilizing the old Fe lungs. Activate inspiratory musculuss. The normal manner to breath. Inflation kineticss. Requires that transmural force per unit area development be sufficient to get the better of non merely elastic kick forces but besides airway opposition to flux. Figure 2 ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LUNG Lung conformity ( CL ) — step lung volume at assorted transpulmonary force per unit areas. The incline is lung conformity. Figure 3 Hysteresis. Lung volume at a given transpulmonary force per unit area is higher during deflation than during rising prices. The grounds for this are complex. Often, merely the deflation limb is shown on figures. Conformity lessenings ( the lung becomes stiffer ) at high lung volumes. Two major forces contribute to lung conformity: tissue elastic forces and surface tenseness forces. Saline rising prices eliminates gas-air interface. It takes less transpulmonary force per unit area to blow up the lung with saline. The lung becomes more compliant because merely tissue elastic forces remain. Surface tenseness in the lung. At every gas-liquid interface surface tenseness develops. Laplaces Law. It takes a certain rising prices force per unit area to back up the surface tenseness developed at an air-gas interface. T=tension ( dyne/cm ) P=transmural force per unit area ( dyne cm2 ) R = radius ( centimeter ) Wetting agent in the lung Secreted by Type II alveolar cells, surfactant lines the air sac at the gas-liquid interface and has dipalmitoyl lecithin, ( dipolmitoyl phosphotidyl choline=DPPC ) as a major component. Surfactant has 2 alone surface tenseness belongingss Figure 4 The mean surface tenseness is low. Surface tenseness varies with country. Surface tenseness rises as country gets bigger and falls as country gets smaller. Physiological importance of wetting agent Additions lung conformity because surface forces are reduced. Promotes alveolar stableness and prevents alveolar prostration. Decreased surface country lowers surface tenseness. Increased surface country additions surface tenseness. Small air sacs are prevented from acquiring smaller. Large air sacs are prevented from acquiring bigger. Promotes dry air sac. Alveolar prostration tends to â€Å" suck † fluid from pneumonic capillaries. Stabilizing air sac ( see B ) prevents transudate of fluid by forestalling prostration. Infant respiratory disease syndrome ( IRDS ) Surfactant ( DPPC ) production starts tardily in foetal life so premature babies are frequently unable to do surfactant properly. Babies with unnatural wetting agent have stiff, fluid-filled lungs with atelectatic countries ( alveolar prostration ) . Non-ventilated, collapsed air sac efficaciously do right to go forth shunting of blood. [ lecithin ] / [ sphingomyelin ] ratio can be analyzed in amnionic fluid to supply an index of gestational adulthood of surfactant production. Sphingomyelin production starts early and remains changeless during gestation and is therefore a marker of entire phospholipid concentration. Sphingomyelin has no surface active belongingss. Regional lung volume and regional airing Dependent lung-the lung in the lowest portion of the gravitative field, i.e. , the base when in the unsloped place ; the dorsal part when supine. Intrapleural force per unit area is higher ( i.e. , less negative ) around dependent parts of the lung because of the weight of the lung. Figure 5 Transpulmonary force per unit area ( PALV – PPl ) is greater at the vertex ( 0- ( -10 ) than at base ( 0- ( -2.5 ) in unsloped lung. Therefore, the vertex is more hyperbolic ( i.e. , has a higher volume ) at FRC. Ventilation is greater at the base than the vertex of the unsloped lung because the base is on a steeper part of the force per unit area volume curve. The vertex is on a flatter ( less compliant ) part. The base starts with less air but has greater airing ; the vertex starts with more air volume but has less airing. Summary. Ventilation is greater in dependent parts of a normal topic ‘s lungs. Time invariables for emptying. Important regional inhomogeneities in airing can besides be caused by factors which cause regional differences in airway oppositions or elastic features. High opposition and high conformity equal slow voidance. Specific conformity. Conformity divided by resting lung volume clinically FRC is used ) . This standardization must be done to analyze the elastic features of tissue and their alterations in disease. How would compliance differ in a kid and an grownup, both with normal lungs? INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LUNGS AND CHEST WALL The lungs and chest wall operate in series and their conformities add in return to do entire conformity. The chest wall is like a spring which may be either compressed or distended. Figure 6 Transthoracic force per unit area is negative at RV and FRC intending the chest wall is smaller than its unstressed volume and its care to spring out. Normal tidal external respiration is wholly in the negative force per unit area scope. Transthoracic force per unit area is 0 at approximately 65 % of TLC intending the thorax is at its unstressed volume and has no inclination to prostration or expand. Transthoracic force per unit area is positive at volumes above approximately 65 % TLC. The chest tends to fall in above its unstressed volume. The lungs are like a spring which may merely be distended. Figure 7 The lungs are above their unstressed volume ( minimum volume ) even when the system is at residuary volume. The lungs still have some volume at their minimum volume. Transpulmonary force per unit area is positive from residuary volume to entire lung capacity so the lungs ever tend to prostration. Functional residuary capacity is the lung volume at which the inclination for the chest wall to jump outward is merely balanced by the inclination for the lungs to flinch inward. The transmural respiratory system force per unit area ( PRS = RALV – Pbs ) is zero at FRC if respiratory musculuss are relaxed. The secret plan of lung volume against transmural respiratory system force per unit area ( PRS = RALV – Pbs ) with represents the combined consequence of lung and chest wall kick. Figure 8 A pneumothorax causes lungs and chest wall to alter volume along their curve until their transmural force per unit area is zero. The lungs ever recoil inward. The chest wall springs outward unless it is inflated to beyond 65 % TLC in which instance it besides will flinch inward. Conformity alterations in disease Lungs become slightly more compliant with natural aging and go markedly more compliant with emphysema. Lungs become less compliant ( stiffer ) with pneumonic fibrosis or during hydropss caused by arthritic bosom disease. Chestwall becomes less compliant ( stiffer ) in status where the chest wall is deformed ( eg. kyphoscoliosis ) . It besides becomes functionally less compliant when abdominal pit alterations cause upward supplanting of the stop ( eg. gestation ) . AIRWAY RESISTANCE Air flow is chiefly laminal during quiet external respiration. Resistance is determined by Poiseuille ‘s Law and the force per unit area gradient required is relative to flux. When air flow additions, as in exercising, some turbulency and eddy flow develops in big air passages and at subdivision points. An excess force per unit area gradient proportional to flux rate squared is necessary. The major site of opposition is in the larger air passages specifically in the medium size bronchial tube. Merely approximately 20 % of entire air passage opposition is in little air passages ( less than 2 millimeter ) . Factors taking to cut down airway quality and increased airway opposition. Contraction of bronchial smooth musculus. Stimulations include: pneumogastric tone, histamine or reduced airway. is peculiarly of import for advancing homogenous airing. When it builds up in a ill ventilated part the air passages to that part tend to distend. Loss of elastic kick in lung ( i.e. , more compliant lungs ) . Radial grip on bronchial tubes usually helps keep them unfastened. Lower lung volumes are associated with less elastic kick and slower flow rates. Loss of elastic tissue in chronic clogging disease ( eg. emphysema ) lower elastic kick forces. Maximum forced termination consequences in Figure 9 – Expiratory flow-volume curves. May be plotted as volume vs. clip or flux vs. volume. Peak flow occurs early and flow falls as termination continues and lung volume lessenings. Effort independency. When the maximal flow-volume envelope is reached, flow falls with forced lung volume regardless of get downing volume or attempt. Mechanism of flow restriction at lower lung volumes during termination. Figure 10 – Collapse of the air passages during termination: The entire force per unit area in the air sac equals pleural force per unit area + the elastic force per unit area of the lungs. Flow in the air passage requires a force per unit area bead owing to the syrupy opposition of the gas. If the air flow is rapid plenty, or the airway opposition great plenty, this force per unit area bead will go equal to and so greater than the elastic force per unit area, the airway transmural force per unit area becomes zero or less and the air passages will be given to fall in. The point along the air passage where this occurs is called the â€Å" equal force per unit area point † . With a forced termination the equal force per unit area point moves closer to the air sac because as the flow rate additions so besides the syrupy force per unit area bead additions, but the elastic force per unit area remains the same. Cartilage in the big air passages helps to oppose the inclination to prostration during forced termination. Alveolar force per unit area = elastic kick force per unit area + intrapleural force per unit area. Mouth force per unit area = atmospheric force per unit area = 0. During expiration intrapleural force per unit area is positive ( greater than atmospheric ) . Equal force per unit area point ( EPP ) . Airway opposition causes a force per unit area bead from air sac to talk. At some point in the bronchial tube the force per unit area has dropped enough that it merely peers environing intrapleural force per unit area. This is the EPP. Since air passages are collapsable air flow will be relative to the difference between alveolar and EPP force per unit areas and reciprocally relative to the opposition of this section ( retrieve Starling Resistors ) . Increased attempt will do similar additions in alveolar force per unit area and force per unit area at the EPP. The force per unit area difference and therefore the flow will be unchanged. Flow restriction at assorted lung volumes during forced termination. High LUNG VOLUME MEDIUM LUNG VOLUME LOW LUNG VOLUME Figure 11 Flow restriction in chronic clogging disease ( emphysema ) . NORMAL LUNGS EMPHYSEMA Figure 12 Forced inspiration is non attempt independent because intrapleural force per unit area is negative and air passages are held unfastened. Figure 13 – A household of flow-volume cringles. Each of the four inspiratory and expiratory critical capacity manoeuvres is performed at a different degree of attempt. The manoeuvre with maximum attempt is designated by the figure â€Å" 4 † . Maneuvers â€Å" 3, 2, and 1 † are performed with increasingly less and less attempt. MECHANICS OF BREATHING STUDY QUESTIONS True or False. The abdominal and internal intercostal musculuss drive expiratory flow during normal external respiration. What relationship exists between the volume of an elastic construction and its transmural force per unit area? What transmural force per unit area difference equals the kick force per unit area of the lung? The chest wall? The whole respiratory system? What 2 forces contribute to lung conformity and must be overcome to blow up a lung? For each force, name a common lung upset in which it is altered? List two of import surface tenseness belongingss of wetting agent. List three physiologically important effects of holding surfactant nowadays. At FRC which part of the lung is most hyperbolic? During inspiration from FRC, which part of the lung is best ventilated? What is meant by unstressed volume? At what lung volume is the chest wall at its unstressed volume? At what lung volumes are the lungs at their unstressed volume? At what lung volume is the entire respiratory system at its unstressed volume? During forced termination flow becomes limited. What two force per unit areas add together to do alveolar force per unit area? What force per unit area determines force per unit areas at the equal force per unit area point? How does maximum forced expiratory flow alteration with lung volume? Why? How does maximal expiratory flow alteration with clogging disease? Why? How to cite THE MECHANICS OF BREATHING, Essay examples

Service Marketing for Woolworths-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theService Marketingfor Woolworths. Answer: Flowchart of backstage and front stage activities Figure 1: Backstage and front stage activities flowchart (Source: Created by author) Significance of service encounter The chosen company for this assignment is Woolworths. Woolworths is one of the largest supermarket and grocery chain of Australia. They specialise in selling groceries and stationary items. Along with these items, they sell clothing and home decor items as well. Being a leader in the Australian market, the service encounter of the grocery chain is significant enough (Ahsan and Rahman 2016). As an employee of Woolworths, I have to ensure that I am able to maintain the customer service level that the company has set for the world. I need to endure that the customers of Woolworths are able to shop with a good shopping experience. The customers are often unable to understand the price of the products, according to the weight. As a customer service manager, it is essential that I assist them in understanding the price they have to pay for a certain quantity. Moreover, the customers have to be assisted and guided in finding certain items. Woolworths provides assistance to the elderly custo mers. They need physical assistance as well as guidance to find the products that they are looking for. Thus, the assistance given to the elderly customers are essential. Along with the in-store assistance, the online customers also need assistance. The customers, buying their products online, often complain that their products that are delivered are not up to the expected standard or does not match with the one displayed in the website. Moreover, the customers, booking their products online often feel that they need guidance regarding the products they would buy. Thus, it is essential that the customer service managers assist those customers. Online payment issues are also faced, and customers are unable to pay online. Hence, assistance is needed from the customer services executives. However, the service encounter is much more than just assisting the customers. It is defined as the transactional interaction between the customers of Woolworths and the representatives of the company. The service encounter is not only limited to the transactional interaction with the customers, but also includes the establishment of a relation with the customers. The m oments of interaction with the customers are significant, since it is that moment when the impression on the customers is made. This moment is often known as the decisive moment or the moment of truth. In this moment of interaction, the customer is either satisfied or dissatisfied. Another essential aspect of the service encounter is the recovery of the services of the dissatisfied customers, such that they could be retained as loyal customers. The significance of the service encounter lies in the fact that it has a significant impact on the quality perception of the customers of Woolworths. If the customers are happy and satisfied with the services provided by the customer service representatives, then the level of satisfaction of the customers increases (Lovelock and Patterson 2015). While the customers have a negative experience regarding the customer interactions, then they are deflected from the company. As an employee of Woolworths I need to ensure that the interaction with the customers are positive and the level of customer satisfaction is achieved. Satisfying each customer is a key to success for any organization. In Woolworths, every customer is given importance and the customer interactions are significant. The qualities of the services that are provided to the customers are superior and ensure that the customers could be retained successfully (Bijmolt et al. 2014). The loyal customers are given loyalty bonus and special discounts such that the company is able to retain the customers successfully. Failure to provide the expected level of customer services might destroy the long built reputation of the business organization. Hence, the service encounter activities are significant enough to retain the reputation of Woolworths. Analysis of managerial implications Managerial implications refer to the practical utilization of the collected data and information. The information that is used is collected from practical scenario and decisions. The managerial implications highlights the fact that the collected information is used to understand, whether the decisions taken by the manager are appropriate in the given scenario or not. In case of Woolworths, the managerial implications include the backstage activities that has to be taken up, in order to ensure that supply chain management activities are taken up effectively, such that the satisfaction of the customers are achieved (Armstrong et al. 2014). As a store manager, it is important to ensure that the back stage tasks are completed successfully. As a manager, I have to check the availability of the products in the store and place an order to the suppliers accordingly. The supply chain management activities have to be monitored and ensured the timely delivery of the products. The suppliers of t he raw materials have to be traced for timely delivery (Ryan 2016). Moreover, the backend activities, such as quality check of the groceries, proper packaging and such activities have to be monitored from time to time by the manager, in order to ensure that the best quality of the products are delivered in store and to the customers who placed their products online. The backend services and processes ensure that the front-end activities are taken up and completed successfully. For example, if the supply chain management is not done effectively, then the products will not reach the stores on time, and thus will delay the overall process and will reduce the sale of the products (Batt 2014). Moreover, if the backend activities are not monitored and managed, then the customers will not be able to get the products as and when required, thus triggering customer dissatisfaction. The managerial implications thus are essential for the effective operations in Woolworths. The guidance of the managers are important in order to ensure the successful and effective operation of Woolworths. Thus, the efficiency of the managers and the management operations highlight the effectiveness of service encounters and helps the company to achieve customer satisfaction. Regular feedback is taken from the dissatisfied customers such that the managers are able to win them back as loyal customers, with high level of customer services being provided. With efficiency in both the front end and the back end operations Woolworths will be successful in retaining its position as a leader as a grocery chain and retailer. As given in the flowchart, the backend activities are dependent on a variety of factors such as suppliers, logistics and the contractors (Hollensen 2015). Thus, as a manager it is essential to co-ordinate all the activities such that effective management could be displayed which is essential for achievement of customer satisfaction. Developing various policies such as co-ordination with the suppliers, looking for alternatives, quality assurance, checking and eliminating the product that do not match with the standards of Woolworths (Fernie and Sparks 2014). The effective waste management and CSR activities also needs to be given importance, as a part of the back end activities. Thus, it could be concluded the service encounter has a special significance in the business operations. The managerial implications are also needed for the back stage operations of Woolworths. As an employee, I have to ensure that the customer satisfaction activities are given importance, along with the managerial implications. Both these activities have to be given importance and completed with diligence, in order to ensure smooth operations. References Ahsan, K. and Rahman, S., 2016. An investigation into critical service determinants of customer to business (C2B) type product returns in retail firms.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(6/7), pp.606-633. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Batt, P.J., 2014. How do consumers differentiate between fresh food stores. InXXIX International Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014): XVII 1103(pp. 61-68). Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. HA Bijmolt, T., KRE Huizingh, E. and Krawczyk, A., 2014. Effects of complaint behaviour and service recovery satisfaction on consumer intentions to repurchase on the internet.Internet Research,24(5), pp.608-628. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Lovelock, C. and Patterson, P., 2015.Services marketing. Pearson Australia. Ryan, D., 2016.Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers.